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Science and technology in Spain
The topic of Science and Technology in Spain is here taken to include firstly an account of the historical development of these fields of study, and secondly a description of the current institutional and regulatory framework for continuing this development into the future.
==Historical introduction==
"History of Science and Technology in Spain" is the heading often used to group the history of science and the history of technology in Spain (albeit without an established academic consensus on the matter, with equal currency given to various other bibliographic headings frequently used to cover this subject area: History of Science in Spain, History of Spanish Science, History of Spanish Science and Technology or History of Science and Technical Expertise in Spain).〔José Manuel Sánchez Ron: ''Cincel, martillo y piedra. Historia de la ciencia en España''. Madrid, Taurus, 1999. Leoncio López Ocón (''Breve Historia de la ciencia española'' ) Madrid: Alianza, 2003. ISBN 84-206-5626-7. (''Descarta la Edad Media (cristiana y musulmana), para iniciar el libro en el Renacimiento y la España imperial, con su auge y posterior decadencia en el Barroco''). Manuel Desantes (''¿Cómo que inventen ellos?'' ). Conferencia: ''Un repaso de los últimos quinientos años de la historia de la ciencia y la tecnología en España explica el retraso estructural actual.'' El II Congreso de la sociedad española de historia de las ciencias (Jaca, 27 de septiembre–1 de octubre, 1982) fue dedicado a (''La ciencia y la técnica en España entre 1850 y 1936'' ), teniendo entre otras, ponencias con estos títulos: Antonio Ferraz (''Perspectivas institucionales de la historia de la ciencia y de la técnica en España'' ); Eduardo Ortiz (''Sobre la ciencia y la técnica en España en el siglo XIX'' ); José Luis Peset (''La historia de la ciencia y de la técnica en el curriculum profesional del científico y del ingeniero'' ).〕
Just deciding whether something counts as scientific, technical or technological is a subtle business, tackled by the recently established discipline of studies in Science, Technology and Society (STS). Whilst scientific and technical activities are as old as the human race, the founding of a true technology (in the sense of integrating systematic knowledge, material resources, skills and technical procedures to transform a production process through the application of a defined methodology — over and above what can be achieved through craftsmanship —), became possible only with the dawn of the late modern period; in the case of Spain, this came tragically late, in contrast to the verve with which she had become one of the first to enter the early modern period. Very few Spanish scientists (excepting those such as Servet or Cajal) were instrumental in the paradigm shifts characteristic of successive scientific revolutions. As a consequence, in Spain the study of the history of science concerns itself mainly with the effects these paradigms had on reaching Spain, and the same is true of technology transfers. Science and technology in Spain was such a "marginal feature of its administrative and social structures",〔Thomas F. Glick, Eugenio Portela Marco, Víctor Navarro Brotóns: ''La historia de la ciencia en España como realidad marginal en su organización y contexto social'', Anthropos, 1982, Número 20, especial dedicado a José María López Piñero. (ficha en dialnet )〕 that this very marginality came to be used as a sort of Spanish national stereotype, sometimes rejected as being pejorative or belittling but on occasion seized on with haughty pride, as in Miguel de Unamuno's immortal phrase, repeatedly used and abused ever since, on both sides of the argument, to the extent of becoming a literary motif or cliché:
The use of the masculine "ellos" is no coincidence either (there are those who would suggest the contrary view: ¡Que inventen ellas! "Let women invent!").〔(Logros científicos de mujeres en la muestra '¡Que inventen ellas!' ), El País, 12/09/2003〕 Throughout history science and technology were almost entirely male preserves, until the late decades of the 20th century finally saw the balance shift in quantitative terms. Nevertheless, gender studies and women's history, when dealing with the history of science and technology, have focussed on achieving recognition for significant female contributors in these fields.
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